paleyellow_hands_composite_1500x994_new.png

kay Pachapi kamachik gobiernospaq:

Jatuchaq empresasta, corporacionesta, industriasta kamachina umancharikunankuta,  paykunaq juchankurayku kay pacha t’unasqa, unqusqa kachkan (crisis climática), kunankamapis t’unachkallankupuni.

May chhika unay watakunaña jatuchaq empresas Exxon, Shell waqkuna ima kay pachata phirichhanku, waranqa waranqa (1.000 millones) dólarestaña  qullqita lluk’ispa tukunku, ch’inyachinapaq, manataq parlakunanpaq kay pacha allinchakunanmanta, mana uyariyta munankuchu pacha ujinayasqanmanta, may chhika qullqitataq kay empresasqa jap’ichkallankupuni. Qhasilla ninku “Kay pachata thañichichkayku”, pachataqa t’unaspa unquchichkallankupuni, uk yanllata purinku agroindustrialeswan ima.

Mundontinpi runaqa jallp’asninkuta yaku jatun quchasmanta mana uqharinanta jark’akuchkanku, ayllunkuta, kawsayninkuta ch’aki watasmanta, yakus uqharisqanmanta, tiempo ujinayasqanmanta, jallp’amanta petroleosta uqhuspa ch’ichichasqankumanta, sach’as urmachispa, tukuy laya kawsayta panpachasqankumanta, jallp’asninkuta uk empresario runalla jap’ikapusqanmanta, q’ala derechosninku phirikusqanmanta jark’achkanku. Comunidades Abiyala jap’iymanta, warmis, qharis, waynuchus, sipakus, pueblos indígenas waq qutu runakuna imaqa kay pacha ujinayasqanta allinchanapaq, munanku qullqi churakunanta, watiqmanta pisimanta pisi Pachamamaq kawsayninta allinyachinapaq, mañana petroleota Pachamamaq sunqunmanta ch’irwanankupaq, qhasitaq empresas llullakuspa wawaman jina misk’ita lluk’ispa ch’inyachichkanku, pakachkanku mana waliq ruwaykunasninkuta. Saphinmantapacha allinyachispaqa Pachamamata allinyachina, chay petróleos jallp’a ukhupi qhipakuchun, mana quimicoswan puquchiy tanqakuchun, tukuy laya k’acha khuritusta jark’ana, may chhika sach’as, q’uñi jallp’aspi jark’anallataq, chayta mañankuña Pueblos Indígenas, justicia Pachamamaq kawsayninwan kananpaq.

Kay allin ruwaykuna, sut’imanta kanan tiyan, ajinallapi kay Pacha ujinayasqanta allinchasun, nuqanchis kikin, may chhika unaymantaña comunidades yachayninkuwan Pacha ujinayasqanwan tinkuchkanku. Pachamamanchikta thañichinapaqqa, qullqi kanan tiyan. Kay jatuchaq empresas comunidadesman may chhika manunkuta junt’ananku tiyan, mana pakakuspa, comunidadeswan uyanpurakunanku tiyan, allin ñawiwan qhawaspa, Pachamamata allinyachiqkunata.

Kay jatuchaq industrias Pachata t’unanku, ch’ichichanku, ch’irwanku, jinapi Pacha ujinayan, mana kikinñachu, allin kawsay kananta watan watan phirinku, chay tukuymanta juchayuk jinaqa may chhika manunkuta junt’ananku tiyan. Kay industrias juch’ayuq kachkanku, justicia kanan tiyan, chantá chay mana allin ruwaykuna¸ tukukunanña tiyan, manachayqa tukuy chinkarisun kay Pacha ujinayasqanwanqa.

Chay tukuyta qhawaspa comunidadespi tukuy runa kawsakuqkuna, jatuchaq industriasta juchachanku, Pachata phirisqankumanta. Paykunata kamachiyku allinchanapaq Pachamamaq kawsayninta.

Ñapis sut’ita rikuchkanchikña, Pachamamaq kawsaynin phirikuchkasqanta, manaña unaytachu suyasun, qayllapiña millay kawsay kachkan. Kunanpacha runa jina sayaspa, allinyachina kachkan kawsayninchik mana chinkaripunanpaq. Kunanpacha Abyalapi kawsaqkunata, waynuchukunata, sipaskunata, pueblos indigenasta uyarina, paykuna Pachamamaq kawsayninta allinchanankupaq, yanta rikuchiwasun. Manaña qhapaq empresariospaq makinpi saqinachu, kay Pachamamaq kawsayninta allinchanankuta. Kunanpacha junt’achunku, mana allin ruwaykunata  ruwasqankumanta, paykunamin juchayuq kanku Pachamama ujinayananpaqqa, chaytaq ñak’arichichkan Abyalapi kawsakukkunata, kunanqa waq laya kawsayman tiwqrakuna, yachayninchisman jina kawsana. Kunanpacha manunkuta junt’achunku.

 

¡KAY PACHANCHIKTA CH’ICHICHASQANKUMANTA, CHAY JATUCHIK EMPRESAS JUNT’ACHUNKU!

¡JUSTICIA CLIMÁTICA NISQAMAN CHAYANAPAQ!

SUTIYKITA CHURAY

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yANAPARIY ORGANIZACION JINA MANACHAY GOBIERNO JINA

ORGANIZACIONES YANAPAQKUNA

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iMARAYKU JUNT’ACHINA KANMAN KAY PACHAMAMATA CH’IRWAQKUNATA?

PACHAMAMA UJINAYASQANQA MANA SAPANMANTACHU RIKHURIN, NITAQ qasimanakaqmantachu. KUNAnPACHA JUCHANKUTA RIKUCHINA KAY JUCHAYUQKUNAMAN

Phichqa chunka wata jinaña, industrias kaqkuna Pachamama ch’irwasanku, nisunman combustibles fósiles nisqata jallp’a ukhumanta urkhusanku (carbón, petróleo, gas natural kaqkunata). Jatuchachaq jallp’akunapi químicoswan uk puquyllata tarpuqkuna (agroindustriales), qhapaqyachkanku, khuchi jina wirayachkanku, waqcha runaq kawsayninwan, llakiyninwan ima, nitaq ni ima ruwankuchu Pachamama mana unqunanpaq. Jinallataq kay industrías combustibles fósiles nisqata (carbón, petróleo, gas natural kaqkunata) sik’iqkuna, ayqinku, pakakunku Pachamama ujinayasqanmanta mana parlayta munaspa. May chhika watastaña comunidades tiempo ujinayasqanpi rikhurisanku, Pachamama thañichinapaq tukuy ima laya ruwaykunata mask’anku, runa manaña ñak’arinanpaq, sapankumanta mana atichkankuchu. Kaypaqqa may chhika qullqi churakunan tiyan. Kamachiyku chay industrías ch’ichichaqkuna, combustibles fósiles sik’iqkuna (carbón, petróleo, gas naturalta ima), junt’achunku manunkuta, Pachamama phirisqankumanta, kunankamapis phirichkallankupuni.

IMá RUWaspataq JATUCHAQ EMPRESAS PACHAMAMata CH’ICHICHAQKUNA, PACHA ÑAK’ARIYMAN APAWANCHIK?

Q’usñi, k’aja yapakun: Rikhurin Gases de Efecto Invernadero nisqa (vapor de agua, dióxido de carbono (CO2) metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O) clorofluorcarbonos (CFC) y ozono (O3), y el Hexafloruro de azufre (SF6). Imaniyta munan, uk invernadero ukhupi jina jaya samay sinchi q’uñi rikhurin, chaytaq jeq’eqechiwanchik, ila wayrita asna q’uñi wayraman tukun, chay pachamamataqa unquchichkan. Yacharina, kay industría combustibles fósiles nisqata (carbón, petróleo, gas natura l) sik’iqkuna:

·     Iskay chunka qhapaq empresas (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) sik’iqkuna, 27%ta jina wasarichinku dióxido de carbono (CO2) nisqata janaqpachapi, 1854 watamanta 2010 watakama. Pachaq empresastaq 70% jina yapaykullankutaq. [1]

·     Kikillantaq chay iskay chunka qhapaq empresas combustibles fósiles nisqata (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) sik’iqkuna, wasarichinku k’ajata khuchkanmanta khuchkanninta kikin watasllapitaq.[2]

Pikunataq churanakunku, chiqan política climática kananpaq: Ñak’ariyta muchuchkanku pueblos kay mundopi kawsaqkuna, Pachamama t’unaqkuna, ch’ichichaqkuna, pakayta, ch’inyachiyta munaspa, may chhika millones, millones dólareswan tukuchkanku, juchakumanta ayqiy munaspa, mana kananpaq chiqan justicia climática. Manachus ajinata sayaykamunkuman karqa kay jatuchaq empresas industriales, machka chunka watasñachus ñapis qallarikunmanña karqa pisimanta pisi Pachamama ujinayasqanta thañichiy.

kay pachamama phiriqkuna, manapuni munachkanku, pachamamaq kawsayninta allinyachiyta?

¡Arí! Paykunaqa manapuni ni imata ruwayta munachkankuchu, qhiparichinku, jark’anku ima ruwayllapis thachkiyta munasaptin, Pachamamaq llakiynintaq jatunyachkallanpuni.

InfluenceMap nisqanman jina, phichqa empresas petroleras (Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron, BP y Total S.A.) qullqita bolsapi mirachinku, tukusqankuña mil millones dólares americanosta (US$1 billón chayqa) capitalninkumanta «kimsa wata junt’api chay Acuerdo de París kasqanmanta, manakaqkunata ruwaspa, llullakuspa, ch’awkiyaspa tiempo ujinayasqanmanta». Kay llulla ruwaykunata campañas nacionalesman apaykusqanku (chawpi llank’aypi kasaptin presidente EEUUpi 2018 watapi) jawa llaqtaspi legislativos internacionalesman risqanku, juchankuta pakanankurayku. [3]

EE.UU machu suyu kay industrias combustibles fósilesmanta (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) qhasi manakaqta cien millones dólaresta (US$100 millones) tukusqanku, churanakamusqanku mana ni ima Pachamamarayku ruwakunanpaq, elecciones estatales kanayasaptin 2018 watapi—kikillantaq kay Exxon riqsichisqa impuestos churakunanta carbonota (jaya samay) rikhurichiqkunapaq (kay ruwaykunapis qhasipaq kaspa jinan, industrías runata uman muyuchinallapaq ruwanku) [4] [5]

En todo el mundo, otros Grandes Contaminadores como Yara, Syngenta y Monsanto han interferido en la formulación de políticas climáticas a nivel nacional e internacional. [6] [7]

Mundontinpi pachata ch’ichichaqkuna, ch’irwaqkuna Yara, Syngenta, Monsanto ima sayaykunku, churanakamunku, waliq ruwaykuna pachamamarayku llaqtankupi, jawa llaqtakunapi ima rikhurichkaptin. [6] [7]

Imataq kanman chay “responsabilidad jurídica”?

La responsabilidad jurídica se refiere al uso de instrumentos legales que responsabilicen a las empresas e industrias, en términos civiles y penales, por su rol en impulsar la crisis climática y por socavar las acciones para abordarlo.

Responsabilidad jurídica niyta munan, leyesman jinaña jasut’iykunamanña yaykuna, kay jatuchaq empresasman, industriasman juchankuta rikuchipunaña, paykuna pachamamaq kawsayninta phirisqankumanta, manataq ni ima ruway munasqankumanta Pachamama thañichinapaq.

Kayqa ajinapuniña kachkan. Uk qillqasqa ruwakusqanpi kay industrias combustibles fósilesmanta (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) sut’iña kachkan, leyesman jina sinchi juchayuq mundontinpi kasqankuta.

TUKUY RUNA IMA CHIQAN RUWAYKUNATATAQ TANQANA KANMAN, PACHAMAMATA THAÑICHINAPAQ, CHAYPAQTAQ QULLQITA CHURAMUNANKU KANMAN KAY JUCHAYUQ INDUSTRÍAS KAY PACHATA CH’ICHICHAQKUNA?

Pachamama unqusqa kachkan, thañichinaña tiyan, kaytaqa comunidades watan watan ñak’ariypi kaqkuna thaskichichkankuña, Pachamamata thañichinapaq allin ruwaykunawan qillqasqaña kay Demandas de los Pueblos por la Justicia Climática p’anqapi, kaypi paykuna kikin Pacha ujinayasqanmanta qillqanku, kawsayniku ñak’arisqanmanta, chanta yachayninkuman,atiyninkuman jina riqsichinku.

Imaynatataq pacha ujinayasqanta thañichisunman: Thaskinaña kanman mask’aspa, kawsayninchik kananta manaña Pachamamata ch’irwaspa, manaña qhapaqkunaq kawsaynillanta ñawpaqman churaspa: tukuy jallp’a, sach’a, uywas, yakus, samay phirisqata watiqmanta kutirichina; kanallantaq tiyan sumaq ñawiwan qhaway imaynatachus llank’an, kawsan pueblos indígenas, chayman jina Pacha ujinayasqanta thañichinapaq.

Chantá, kay jatuchaq empresasta, industriasta leyesman jina juchachana tiyan, paykuna ch’inmanta qullqita churamunankupaq, kay Pacha ujinayasqanta, chiqanchanapaq comunidadespaq yachayninman jina, chay empresas ch’ichichaqkuna juch’ankurayku ñak’arisqankumanta. Kunitan manapuni waliq kawsayninkuta allin ñawiwan qhawarisqachu, empresas junt’ananku tiyan, comunidades paykuna pura qullqi chayaptin rak’inakunankupaq.

cHANTÁ, KAY EMPRESAS, INDUSTRÍAS PACHATA CH’ICHICHAQKUNA, QULLQI CHURAQTINKU PACHATA THAÑICHINAPAQ. QHIPAMAN SAQILLASUNPUNICHU kay empresas PACHAMAMATA CH’IRWANANKUTA?, CH’USKINANKUTA?, SACH’ASTA TUKUCHINANKUTA?, ASWAN JAYA, K’AJA, Q’UÑI samay YAPAKUNANPAQ?

¡Mana! Kay jatuchaq empresas, industrías pachata ch’ichichasqankumanta juchachasun, qullqita churachisun chayqa, manaña watiqmanta kikin millay kawsayman yaykunapaqchu. Paykunata leyesman jina junt’achisun chayqa, juchankuta rikuchipusun chayqa, t’ukurinankupaq kay Pachata, runata, uywakunata phirispa, may unay watasmantaña ñak’ariyman apaykusqankuta. Waqyachkanchik kay jatuchak empresasta juchankumanta junt’anankuta, kay Pachapi runaq kawsayninta qhawarinankupaq.

Qhawarina kay industrias combustibles fósiles (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) sik’iqkunata.

KAY INDUSTRIAS YACHARQANKUÑACHU PACHA UJINAYASASQANTA?, MAYK’AQMANTAÑA?

Yachakun, tiyan qillqasqa, ñapis 1960 wataspiña científicos yachaqkuna kay Exxon empresamanta, kamachiqkuna kay empresamanta willasqankuña imaynatachus kay combustibles fósiles ((carbón, petróleo, gas natural) ruphachisasqanku, Pachata unquchichkasqanta, [8] [9] [10] [11]—manaraq politicos, runa mundontinmanta qhaparisaptin, Exxon mana payllachu karqa, Shell jatun empresa yachallasqataq, llank’ayninwan pachaq k’ajaynin yapakusasqanta, chaytaqa iskay chunka phichqayuq wata jinaña, nitaq ni ima ruwasqachu. [12] [13]

Chantá, chay industrías chay yachasqankuwan imata ruwarqanku?

  1. Paykunaqa qhapaqyallankupuni, llank’allankupuni. Yachasaspa llank’ayninku pachata unquchisasqanta, llank’ayninkuwan qhapaqyallankupuni, waranqa waranqa dolaresta jap’inku, chay industrias combustibles fósilesta (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) ranqallankupuni—ajinapitaq paykunaq yachayninkuwan tinkun, pisimanta pisi pacha unquyta qallarin, k’aja aswanta yapakun mundontinpi.

  2. Tukuy imata ruwarqanku, mana yachakunanpaq, chay saqra llank’ayninkuwan Pachata unquchisasqankumanta, yachasaspa Pachata venenasasqankuta ch’inyarqanku. Qhipamantaq, kay industrías combustibles fósilesmanta (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) kaqkuna, waranqa, waranqa dólaresta tukurqanku, runata umanta muyuchinapaq, waqman juchata q’ipirichinapaq, kamachik gobiernosta rantikapunapaq, ch’in kanankupaq, manataq parlakunapaq Pacha ujinayasasqanmanta. [14] [15] [16] chayta ruwarqanku kay Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (UNFCCC por sus siglas en inglés) ruwakusaptin, may chhika runa tantakusaptin. [17] [18]

ChanTÁ, may chhika qullqita apaykachan kay industria COMBUSTIBLES FÓSILES (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) APAYKACHAQKUNA?

2018 watapi, kay jatuchaq empresas Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron, BP y Total S.A.— mil millones dólaresta (US$1 Billón) tukurqanku, llulleriyoswan runaq umanta muyuchinankupaq, mana kasunapaq kay Pacha ujinayasasqanmanta, kaytaqa kimsa wata pasasqanpiña kay Acuerdo de Parísmanta—ajinapi may chhika qullqita jap’irqanku uk 83,11 mil millones qullqita, chaywan aswanta qhapaqyallasarqankupuni.[19] [20] [21] [22] [23]

Jinapi, 2018 watallapitaq yachakurqa, phichqa waqcha suyuspata (Mozambique, Etiopía, Filipinas, Fiji y Bangladés) pacha ujinayasqanwan ñak’arirqanku, paykunaqta Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) tantaykusunman, chaytaq kanman 743,871 millones de dólares .[24]

Ima jasut’iyta rikuchipusunman kay industria COMBUSTIBLES FÓSILES (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) LLANK’AQKUNAPAQ?

La idea de responsabilizar a la industria de los combustibles fósiles está ganando apoyo en todo el mundo. Algunos ejemplos:

Tukuy chiqapiña waliq ñawiwan qhawachkanku, kay industria combustibles fósiles (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) apaykachaqkunata juchachakunanta, juchankuta rikuchipunata. Kaykunaña kanku:

  • Parlamento Europeo sut’iman urqhumuchkan, imaynatachus kay empresa Exxon runata janq’utiyayta munachkan. [25]

  • Filipinasmanta Comisión Derechos Humanos qhawasanña kay industrías jatun juchayuq kasqankuta, imaqtinchus runaq derechosnin saruchasqa kasqanta, kay Pacha ujinayasqanwan.[26]

  • Qutu runakuna kay Países Bajos nisqamanta justiciaman apaykuchkanku kay jatun empresa Shell nisqata, mana junt’ay munasqanmanta chay Acuerdo de Paris nisqanta.[27]

  • Estados Norteamérica suyupi justiciaman apaykullanqankutaq kay industria combustibles fósiles (carbón, petróleo, gas natural) apaykachaqkunata, yakus mama quchaspi aswanta wasarimusqanmanta.[28]

  • Kay juch’uy suyu Vanuatu mama qucha chawpipi tiyakuqkuna, justiciaman apaykullanqataq empresas transnacionalesta, imaqtinchus kawsayninkuta chinkarichiyta munasqankumanta, mama quchasmanta aswan urapi kawsakusqankurayku.[29]

  • Julio killapi, Conferencia Alcaldemanta EE.UUpi uk resolucionwan kamachinku kay jatuchaq empresas pachata ch’ichichaqkuna, juchayuq rikhurinankupaq. Kay kamachiyta urqhurqanku, sinchi sayaykamusqanku chawpipi.[30]

  • Universidad Yale uk encuesta uqharirqa, junio killapi riqsichikurqa, chaypitaq may chhika runa EE.UUmanta kamachisqanku, kay jatuchaq empresas pachamamata ch’ichichaqkuna, juchachasqa rikhurinankupaq, pacha paykunarayku unqusasqanta.[31]

[1] Heede, Richard, “Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010.” Climatic Change (2014) 122: 229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y

[2] Heede, Richard, “Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010.” Climatic Change (2014) 122: 229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y

[3] “Big Oil’s Real Agenda on Climate Change.” Influence Map. March 2019. Accessed June 05, 2019. https://influencemap.org/report/How-Big-Oil-Continues-to-Oppose-the-Paris-Agreement-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc.

[4] “Big Oil Kills Carbon Initiative in Washington State.” Rolling Stone, November 7, 2018. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/washington-state-carbon-initiative-vote-752961/

[5] “Big Oil is sloshing a crude tsunami across the country.” Bill McKibben, Washington Post, October 30, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/big-oil-is-sloshing-a-crude-tsunami-across-the-country/2018/10/30/f0830948-d895-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html

[6] “Yara: Poisoning our soils, burning our planet.” Corporate Europe Observatory, September 17, 2019. https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/09/yara-poisoning-our-soils-burning-our-planet

[7] “Polluting Paris: How Big Polluters Are Undermining Global Climate Policy.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/polluting-paris-big-polluters-undermining-global-climate-policy/.

[8] Banerjee, Neela, John H. Cushman, Jr., David Hasemyer, and Lisa Song. “CO2’s Role in Global Warming Has Been on the Oil Industry’s Radar Since the 1960s.” InsideClimate News. April 27, 2016. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13042016/climate-change-global-warming-oil-industry-radar-1960s-exxon-api-co2-fossil-fuels.

[9] Robinson, E., and R.C. Robbins. “Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants.” Smoke & Fumes. 1968. https://www.smokeandfumes.org/documents/document16.

[10] “The Smoke and Fumes Committee.” Smoke & Fumes. https://www.smokeandfumes.org/fumes/moments/2.

[11] Schwartz, John. “Pressure on Exxon Over Climate Change Intensifies With New Documents.” The New York Times. April 14, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/science/pressure-on-exxon-over-climate-change-intensifies-with-new-documents.html

[12] Carrington, Damian. “’Shell Knew’: Oil Giant’s 1991 Film Warned of Climate Change Danger.” The Guardian. February 28, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/shell-knew-oil-giants-1991-film-warned-climate-change-danger.

[13] Small, Mike, and Chloe Farand. “What 30 Years of Documents Show Shell Knew About Climate Science.” DeSmog UK. May 18, 2018. https://www.desmog.co.uk/2018/05/17/shell-knew-charting-thirty-years-corporate-climate-denialism.

[14] Lawrence-Samuel, Tamar, Rachel Rose Jackson, and Nathan Thanki. “13. The Pivot Point: Realizing Sustainable Development Goals by Ending Corporate Capture of Climate Policy.” Spotlight on Sustainable Development. https://www.2030spotlight.org/en/book/1165/chapter/13-pivot-point-realizing-sustainable-development-goals-ending-corporate-capture.

[15] “Big Oil’s Real Agenda on Climate Change.” InfluenceMap. March 2019. https://influencemap.org/report/How-Big-Oil-Continues-to-Oppose-the-Paris-Agreement-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc.

[16] “How Much Big Oil Spends on Obstructive Climate Lobbying.” InfluenceMap. April 2016. https://influencemap.org/site/data/000/173/Lobby_Spend_Report_March_2016.pdf

[17] “Polluting Paris: How Big Polluters Are Undermining Global Climate Policy.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/polluting-paris-big-polluters-undermining-global-climate-policy/.

[18] “Inside Job: Big Polluters’ Lobbyists on the inside at the UNFCCC.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/inside-job-big-polluters-lobbyists-in-the-inside-at-the-unfccc/.

[19] “2018 Annual Report.” Chevron Global. 2018. https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/annual-report/2018/documents/2018-Annual-Report.pdf.

[20] 2018 Summary Annual Report. Exxon Mobil. 2018. https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/-/media/Global/Files/investor-relations/annual-meeting-materials/annual-report-summaries/2018-Summary-Annual-Report.pdf.

[21] BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2018. Report. 2018. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2018.pdf.

[22] Shell Annual Report 2018. https://reports.shell.com/annual-report/2018.

[23] Fourth Quarter and Full-year 2018 Results. Report. 2018. https://www.total.com/sites/default/files/atoms/files/4q18-results.pdf.

[24] “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects.” International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/index.aspx

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[27] The Summons of the Climate Case against Shell. Report. 2019. https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/english-summary-of-legal-summons.pdf.

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[29] Cox, Lisa. “Vanuatu Says It May Sue Fossil Fuel Companies and Other Countries over Climate Change.” The Guardian. November 22, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/22/vanuatu-says-it-may-sue-fossil-fuel-companies-and-other-countries-over-climate-change.

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