¿CHUMGELU MÜLEY ÑI ZALLUNTUKUGEAL PU FÜTXAKE POZÜMKELU?
Kishu ñi ayin mew kutxanlay ti wallontu mapu, müley llemay che kutxanelniekefilu ti wallontu mapu tati.
Pütxün txipantu mew zew ñi gananieken ran pu fütxake industria pozümkelu, tati kütxalko industria reke ka tati agroindustria kafey, welu ti wallontu mapu zoy zoy kutxankoni, pu fillke mapuche newe ünfitulafigün rume ti mapu. Ka femgechi feytachike industria —kütxalko industria mügel— katxütukefigün fillke zugu witxañpüramgekelu txemoltual ti wallontu mapu. Pütxün txipantu mew pu wüne txekaleyechi che feytachi weychan mew ñi günezuamnieken ka ñi zuguyeken ti chumgechi txemoltuafel ti wallontu mapu —püneafel feytachike kümeke zugu zuamyeniegey ran—. Fey mew tati pu fütxake pozümyekechi empresa, kütxalko industria reke, müley ñi kullial egün ñi fentepun ünfitukefiel mew ti wallontu mapu.
¿CHUMGECHI AM PU FÜTXAKE POZÜMKELU KUTXANELFIGÜN TI WALLONTU MAPU?
Zoy mületuy weza fitxun ka zoy aregetuy: Tati weza fitxun txipayekelu empresa mew ka ti efecto invernadero püchin empresa tañi zuam mew ta pütxümüna kutxanürpuy ti wallontu mapu. Tati kütxalko industria reke:
Re 20 fütxake kütxalko industria ünfitukefigün ti wallontu mapu, feyegün ñi zuam mew yom 27% püray ti dióxido de carbono, 1854 pigechi txipantu mew ka 2010 pigechi txipantu mew. Ka femgechi 100 fütxake industria ñi zuam mew müten ta epe 70% püray ti dióxido de carbono. [1]
Ka femgechi feychike 20 fütxake kütxalko industria ñi zuam mew ta rume püray ti temperatura wallontu mapu mew. [2]
Ti katxütun müleal kiñe küme zugu txemotual ta wallontu mapu: Pu fütxake pozümkelu ñi afkentu pozümkefiel mew ti wallontu mapu egün, pütxün wezake zugu ta petu rulpay pu fillke mapuche ka tati wallontu mapu tati, ka femgechi alhün ran ta gastakeygün —ka petu gastalekaygün— pozümnieafiel ti wallontu mapu, ka katxütuafiel kiñe küme zugu txemoltuafiel ti wallontu mapu. Katxütugenofule feytachi küme zugu, llituafuy ti zugu txemoltuafiel ti mapu, alhün txipantu mew ta llitupefuy tati.
¿PU FÜTXAKE POZÜMKELU PETU KATXÜTUNIEKEFIGÜN KIÑE ZUGU TXEMOLTUAL TI WALLONTU MAPU?
¡May! Petu katxütuniegekey pu kümeke zugu txemoltual ti wallontu mapu ka newe mülewenoafel kutxan.
InflueneceMap feypi, pu kechu zoy fütxake kütxalko industria konkülelu bolsa mew (Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron, BP y Total S.A.) zoy kiñe waragka millón gastaygün amerikanu dólar mew (US$1 billón) ñi capital mew egün «küla txipantu rupay ñi txipan mew ti parís koyawtun kulliygün koylhake zugu mew pozümün zugu mew». Pegelpufigün ñi pu koylhake zugu campaña mew (petu ñi mülenon ti fütxa zullin EE.UU. 2018 pigechi txipantu mew) ka kake mapu ñi legislativoke zugu mew. [3]
EE.UU. mew tati kütxalko industria ka ñi pu zuguñpekeetew egün zoy kiñe pataka millón dólar mew kulliygün (US$100 millones) katxütuafiel kiñeke zugu txemoltual ti wallontu mapu ti fütxake estatal zullin 2018 pigechi txipantu mew —ka femgechi ga fey chi ga Exxon “kümeay” ñi müleal impuesto carbono mew pi ga (fey ta kafey ta kiñe koylha zugu). [4] [5]
Kom wallontu mapu mew kake fütxake pozümkelu Yara reke, Syngenta ka Monsanto kontukeygün kiñeke zugu mew chew ñi zewmageken polítikas pozümün zugu mew país mew ka kakeñpüle ta ka. [6] [7]
¿CHEM AM CHI “RESPONSABILIDAD JURÍDICA”?
Tati responsabilidad jurídica fey ta chumgechi ñi pünegeken fillke legal zugu zalluntukuafiel tati pu fütxake empresa well industria, civil zugu mew ka penal zugu mew, ñi pozümkefiel mew ti wallontu mapu ka ñi katxütukefiel mew fillke zugu txemoltuafel ti wallontu mapu tati.
Feyta zew petu rupay. Pu kütxalko industria tañi estudio zugu mew ta pegelgey chumgechi kulpaken egün ñi fentepun pozümkefiel mew ti wallontu mapu tati.
¿RUPAN ZALLUNTUKUGELE TATI PU FÜTXAKE INDUSTRIA POZÜMKELU, CHUMGECHI AM KELLUAFUYIÑ RAN MU TA KIÑEKE KÜMEKE ZUGU?
Rüf kümeke zugu küme azkunugeam ti chumgechi txemoltual ti wallontu mapu zew amuley, ka pu zoy ünfituniekeelchi che ta wüne txekalekeygün feytachike kümeke zugu mew, pütxün txipantu mew zew. Alhün feytachike kümeke zugu ta müleyey ta Pu che ñi zalluntukun igkañpeal ti wallontu mapu mew, feytachi fütxa zugu ta zewmagey kimnien mew ta chumgechi amuley feytachi pozümün zugu, ka chumgechi ñi ünfitugeken ta kiñeke che, ka tati mapu kafey.
Kiñeke kümeke zugu amulniegeafel: Mületuafuy kiñe we zugu zapiniegeal ti wallontu mapu, welu müleafuy ta “democracia” newen mew; Txemoltuafuy ti itxofill mogen nietual sumideros de carbono; kiñe teknolokiko zugu falintuniefilu pu fillke mapuche ñi teknolokia egün, ka feyti teknolokia kishu ñi mapu mew egün choyülu, llakoafel ti wallontu mapu, mülewenoal pozümün zugu.
Kafey, zalluntukugefule pu industria, feytichi zugu mew may ta müleay ran kulliafel fillke zugu zuamyenielu fentxen che montulafiel ti wallontu mapu, ka mañumtugeafel reke ta kom pu che kom ñi ñamümfiel mew, mülen mew ta feytachi pozümün zugu wallontu mapu mew, ka pu industria ñi zuam mew ta ka. Tüfa ta müley ñi amulniegeal, feytachi pu zoy ünfituniekeelchi che gealu egün.
FEY TA, PU FÜTXAKE INDUSTRIA POZÜMKELU TA KULLILE EGÜN TXEMOLTUAFIEL TI WALLONTU MAPU KA KULLILE EGÜN AMULNIEGEAFEL FILLKE KÜMEKE ZUGU MONTUTUAFEL TI MAPU, ¿ELUGEPELAYAFUY CHAM ÑI AMULNIEAL MÜTEN ÑI KÜZAW EGÜN, FENDEAL, LÜPÜMTUKUAL KA TXIPALENTUAL WEZAKE CHEMKÜN WÜLKELU MÜNA WEZAKE FITXUN?
¡No! Rüf zalluntukugefule ta pu fütxake pozümkelu ñi müna weza pozümkaken mew egün ta gewelay ñi pozümkanieal ti wallontu mapu. Müley ñi rüf müleal ta kiñe responsabilidad jurídica pigeafuy, ran zugu mew kafey, ka müley ñi kakunual ñi chumgechi küzawken egün, pozümkawenoafiel ti wallontu mapu tati. Kafey ta zalluntukuafiyiñ kelluntukuafiel ka yafüñpenieafiel kake kumeke zugu.
Kütxalko industria ñi zugu
¿CHEM KIMKEY TI INDUSTRIA POZÜMÜN ZUGU MEW? KA, ¿CHUMTEÑMA ÑI KIMNIEKEN?
1960 pigechi txipantu püle, pu científico ka pu inazuamfe günezuamkefilu chumgechi ñi küzawken Exxon, zew feypifuygün kümenon ñi lüpümtukugen ti kütxalko, müna ünfitukefilu ti wallontu mapu kay tati. [8] [9] [10] [11] —petu ñi gütxamyegenon feytachi zugu pu che ñi wewpin mew egün. Exxon müten no. Shell reke, zew kimfuy ñi fentepun kümenon ka ñi fentepun kutxanken ti wallontu mapu yom 25 txipantu mew. [12] [13]
TATI INDUSTRIA KIMFUY TÜFA WELU, ¿CHUMI?
Küzawkakeygün ga fey chi ga. Allmaltuygün ran mew ñi entukaken mew, fendeken mew ka püzümken mew ti kütxalko — femgechi, ler txiparpuy zugu, püray temperatura wallontu mapu mew.
Fentepun katxütufigün ti küzaw txemoltuafiel ti wallontu mapu — feygün zew kimkeygün ñi rüfgen ti zugu—. Rupan inazuamlu fillke zugu ti kütxalko industria igewmechi kulliy ran müte feyentugewenoam ñi txemolewenon ta wallontu mapu, feyentugewenoam ta ciencia, ñi zoy faliltuñmageal ñi gütxam ka katxütual kiñe küme climático zugu, [14] [15] [16] Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático mew mügel (UNFCCC ingleszugun mew) ka kake txokiñche nüwkülelu. [17] [18]
FEY TA, ¿CHUMTEN RAN NIEY TI KÜTXALKO INDUSTRIA?
2018 pigechi txipantu mew, Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Cevron, BP ka Total S.A. — igewmechi gastalu ran dólar mew (US$1 Billón) püzümkefiel mew koylhake zugu ka fillke gütxam chew ñi gütxamyegen ti chumlen ti wallontu mapu, rupalu küla txipantu ñi rupan ti Acuerdo de París— Ganaygün epe 83,11 waragka millón. [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]
Welu, 2018 pigechi txipantu mew, kechu país we petu amulelu ñi desarrollo ka zoy ünfitugelu pozümün zugu (Mozambique, Etiopía, Filipinas, Fiji ka Bangladés) tañi PBI egün ta 743.871 millon dólar mew. [24]
¿CHUMGECHI AM TA ZALLUNTUKUAFUYIÑ TI KÜTXALKO INDUSTRIA?
Zoy zoy che ta ayinierpuy feytachi zugu fanten mew, ñi zalluntukugen ti kütxalko industria.
Ti Parlamento Europeo ta inazuamkey Exxon ñi koylha koylhatucheken. [25]
Ti comisión de derechos humanos Filipinas mew mülelu, günezuamkey ñi chumgelu kulpaken ti industria derechos humanos mew, pozümün zugu mew wallontu mapu mew. [26]
Kiñeke txokiñche Paises Bajos mew ta zalluntukufigün ta Shell ñi küme yenienon ti Acuerdo de Paris. [27]
Zalluntukugeal ta pu kütxalko industria ñi püramfiel mew ti lhafken ñi nivel, fey mew ta Juridikogeyechi demanda ta müley kiñeke waria ka Estado mew Norteamérica mew. [28]
Vanuatu pigechi püchi wapi ta zalluntukuyafiñ fill püle tuwchi empresa ñi awükakefiel pu püchike wapi baja latitud mew mülelu, piley. [29]
Julio küyen mew, EE.UU. ñi Conferencia de Alcaldes ta may pigün ñi zalluntukuniegeal müten pu fütxake pozümkelu. Tati industria ta illküy welu ka zalluntukuniegekay müten. [30]
Kiñe ramtukawün nentulu ti Universidad de Yale, püzümgelu Junio küyen mew, alhün che EE.UU. mew mülelu, ayiafuy ñi zalluntukugeal pu Fütxake Pozümkelu ñi ünfitukefiel mew ti wallontu mapu.
[1] Heede, Richard, “Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010.” Climatic Change (2014) 122: 229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y
[2] Heede, Richard, “Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010.” Climatic Change (2014) 122: 229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y
[3] “Big Oil’s Real Agenda on Climate Change.” Influence Map. March 2019. Accessed June 05, 2019. https://influencemap.org/report/How-Big-Oil-Continues-to-Oppose-the-Paris-Agreement-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc.
[4] “Big Oil Kills Carbon Initiative in Washington State.” Rolling Stone, November 7, 2018. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/washington-state-carbon-initiative-vote-752961/
[5] “Big Oil is sloshing a crude tsunami across the country.” Bill McKibben, Washington Post, October 30, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/big-oil-is-sloshing-a-crude-tsunami-across-the-country/2018/10/30/f0830948-d895-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html
[6] “Yara: Poisoning our soils, burning our planet.” Corporate Europe Observatory, September 17, 2019. https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/09/yara-poisoning-our-soils-burning-our-planet
[7] “Polluting Paris: How Big Polluters Are Undermining Global Climate Policy.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/polluting-paris-big-polluters-undermining-global-climate-policy/.
[8] Banerjee, Neela, John H. Cushman, Jr., David Hasemyer, and Lisa Song. “CO2’s Role in Global Warming Has Been on the Oil Industry’s Radar Since the 1960s.” InsideClimate News. April 27, 2016. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13042016/climate-change-global-warming-oil-industry-radar-1960s-exxon-api-co2-fossil-fuels.
[9] Robinson, E., and R.C. Robbins. “Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants.” Smoke & Fumes. 1968. https://www.smokeandfumes.org/documents/document16.
[10] “The Smoke and Fumes Committee.” Smoke & Fumes. https://www.smokeandfumes.org/fumes/moments/2.
[11] Schwartz, John. “Pressure on Exxon Over Climate Change Intensifies With New Documents.” The New York Times. April 14, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/science/pressure-on-exxon-over-climate-change-intensifies-with-new-documents.html
[12] Carrington, Damian. “’Shell Knew’: Oil Giant’s 1991 Film Warned of Climate Change Danger.” The Guardian. February 28, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/shell-knew-oil-giants-1991-film-warned-climate-change-danger.
[13] Small, Mike, and Chloe Farand. “What 30 Years of Documents Show Shell Knew About Climate Science.” DeSmog UK. May 18, 2018. https://www.desmog.co.uk/2018/05/17/shell-knew-charting-thirty-years-corporate-climate-denialism.
[14] Lawrence-Samuel, Tamar, Rachel Rose Jackson, and Nathan Thanki. “13. The Pivot Point: Realizing Sustainable Development Goals by Ending Corporate Capture of Climate Policy.” Spotlight on Sustainable Development. https://www.2030spotlight.org/en/book/1165/chapter/13-pivot-point-realizing-sustainable-development-goals-ending-corporate-capture.
[15] “Big Oil’s Real Agenda on Climate Change.” InfluenceMap. March 2019. https://influencemap.org/report/How-Big-Oil-Continues-to-Oppose-the-Paris-Agreement-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc.
[16] “How Much Big Oil Spends on Obstructive Climate Lobbying.” InfluenceMap. April 2016. https://influencemap.org/site/data/000/173/Lobby_Spend_Report_March_2016.pdf
[17] “Polluting Paris: How Big Polluters Are Undermining Global Climate Policy.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/polluting-paris-big-polluters-undermining-global-climate-policy/.
[18] “Inside Job: Big Polluters’ Lobbyists on the inside at the UNFCCC.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/inside-job-big-polluters-lobbyists-in-the-inside-at-the-unfccc/.
[19] “2018 Annual Report.” Chevron Global. 2018. https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/annual-report/2018/documents/2018-Annual-Report.pdf.
[20] 2018 Summary Annual Report. Exxon Mobil. 2018. https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/-/media/Global/Files/investor-relations/annual-meeting-materials/annual-report-summaries/2018-Summary-Annual-Report.pdf.
[21] BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2018. Report. 2018. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2018.pdf.
[22] Shell Annual Report 2018. https://reports.shell.com/annual-report/2018.
[23] Fourth Quarter and Full-year 2018 Results. Report. 2018. https://www.total.com/sites/default/files/atoms/files/4q18-results.pdf.
[24] “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects.” International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/index.aspx
[25] Neslen, Arthur. “ExxonMobil Faces EU Parliament Ban after No Show at Climate Hearing.” The Guardian. March 22, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/22/exxonmobil-faces-eu-parliaments-ban-after-climate-hearing-no-show.
[26] Wang, Ucilia. “Philippines Human Rights Commission Begins Climate Hearings vs. Oil Giants.” Climate Liability News. March 27, 2018. https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/03/27/philippines-human-rights-climate-change/.
[27] The Summons of the Climate Case against Shell. Report. 2019. https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/english-summary-of-legal-summons.pdf.
[28] Irfan, Umair. “Pay Attention to the Growing Wave of Climate Change Lawsuits.” Vox. April 10, 2019. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/2/22/17140166/climate-change-lawsuit-exxon-juliana-liability-kids.
[29] Cox, Lisa. “Vanuatu Says It May Sue Fossil Fuel Companies and Other Countries over Climate Change.” The Guardian. November 22, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/22/vanuatu-says-it-may-sue-fossil-fuel-companies-and-other-countries-over-climate-change.
[30] “U.S. Mayors Pressure Congress on Carbon Pricing, Climate Lawsuits and a Green New Deal.” Inside Climate News, July 2, 2019. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/mayors-vote-carbon-tax-green-new-deal-climate-change-fossil-fuel-lawsuits
[31] ”New Poll: Big Oil should pay the climate tab.” Grist, June 24, 2019. https://grist.org/beacon/new-poll-big-oil-should-pay-the-climate-tab/