POUKISA NOU DWE FÈ POLYÈ YO PEYE?

KRIZ KLIMA A PA T NI YON SITIYASYON YO PA K KA EVITE, NI L PA T YON AKSIDAN. LI LÈ POU N PRAN MEZI POU NOU KAPAB FÈ RESPONSAB YO RANN KONT.

Pandan plis pase demi syèk, kanè bank endistri polyè sa yo tankou enèji fosil ak agri-biznis gonfle sou do vi ak gay-pen moun ak kominote ki pa fè anyen ki lakoz klima a chanje. An menm tan tou, endistri sa yo—sitou men se pa li sèlman endistri enèji fosil— anpeche genyen tantativ enpòtan ki fèt pou yo abòde kesyon kriz klima a yon fason ki aktif epi ki sistematik. Pandnan plizyè ane, kominote ki devan nan defann kesyon kriz klima a ap ap pran inisyativ nan devlopesolisyon ki santre sou moun ki efikas epi ki vrè pou yo kapab abòde pwoblèm chanjman klima a—epi solisasyon sa yo mande finansman. Nou mande po yo fè endistri ki Gwo Polyè yo tankou enèji fosil yo peye ni pou katastwòf yo te lakoz genyen yo ni pou katastwòf yo kontinye lakoz genyen yo.

KI WÒL GWO POLYÈ YO JWEN NAN KREYE KRIZ KLIMA A?

Yo degaje plis gaz kabonik nan lè a epi tanperati a ogmante: Gaz kabonik yon ti gwoup antrepriz lakoz yo degaje nan lè a jwe yon yon wòl enpòtan nan lakoz genyen chanjman klima. Ann pran endistri enèji fosil la sèlman kòm egzanp:

• Genyen 20 pwodiktè enèji fosil sèlman ki lakoz gaz kabonik la ogmante nan yon pousantaj ki depase 27 pousan nan lè a ant 1854 ak 2010, epi genyen 100 lòt pwodiktè enèji fosil ki lakoz genyen anviwon 70 pousan gaz kabonik ki degaje nan lè a.[1]

• Menm 20 pwoddiktè sa yo pou kont sèlman lakoz tanperati a ogmante nan prèske yon ka nan mond lan pandan menm peryòd la. [2]

Anpèchman pou genyen yon politik klima ki konfòm ak lajistis: Konsekans ni popilasyon yo ni planèt la te sibi epi yo kontinye ap sibi toujou poutèt gaz kabonik Gwo Polyè yo lage nan lè a vin pi grav toujou akoz plizyè bilyon dola menm antrepriz sa yo te envesti—epi yo kontinye ap envesti —nan peye moun pou yo kapab bay manti sou klima a epi nan anpeche genyen yon politik klima ki konfòm ak lajistis. Si se pa t akoz anpèchman sa a ki genyen nan jistis la, kominote entènasyonal la t ap genten kòmanse mete ann apliksyon reyaksyon ki enpòtan epi ki jis ki genyen yo konsènan kesyon chanjman klima a depi plizyè dizèn ane.

ÈSKE GWO POLYÈ YO KONTINYE AP ESEYE ANPECHE GENYEN PWOGRÈ KI FÈT NAN POLITIK KLIMA A?

Wi. Tantativ pou mezi ki enpòtan yo ka pran tan ak tantativ pou yo ka anpeche genyen pwogrè ki konfòm ak lajistis ki fèt pou yo kapab abòde kesyon chanjman klima kontinye ap fèt jiska prezan.

Daprè InfluenceMap, senk (5) antrepriz gaz ak luil ki pi gwo sou mache ki òganize a (Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron, BP, ak Total S.A.) depanse plis pase $1 bilyon dola ameriken nan fon aksyonè yo “pandan twa (3) premye ane ki vin aprè Akò Pari ki fèt sou kesyon piblisite ki genyen rapò ak ni klima ki pou twonpe moun ni kesyon fè presyon sou gouvènman an.” Ni efò yo ap fè sou plan Relasyon Piblik (Public Relation) ni efò yo ap fè nan kesyon gwoup presyon sou plan nasyonal (tankou nan pespektiv eleksyon lejislatif U.S. 2018 yo) ak nan domèn elaborasyon politik maketing entènasyonal.[3]

Nan U.S., endistri enèji fosil la ak mandatè li yo depanse plis pase $100 miyon dola pou yo kapab opoze mezi yo ap pran sou kesyon bilten vòt eta yo nan eleksyon 2018 la—malgre Exxon t ap klewonen “sipò” l pou genyen taks sou kabòn (ki se yon menm yon endistri ki lakoz genyen divèsyon).[4] [5]

Epi toupatou nan mond lan, genyen lòt antrepri ki se Gwo Pilyè tankou Yara, Syngenta, ak Monsanto ki foure bouch yo nan kesyon politik sou klima a ni nan nivo nasyonal ni nan nivo entènasyonal.[6] [7]

AK KISA MO ''RESPONSABILITE'' A FÈ REFERANS?

Mo responsabilite a fè referans ak itilizasyon enstriman legal yo pou yo kapab pran ni antrepriz yo ni endistri yo pou responsab poutèt wòl yo jwe nan lakoz genyen kriz klima a ak wòl yo jwen nan afebli mezi yo ap pran pou yo abòde pwoblèm sa a.

Epi sa rive edeja. Jete yon koudèy nan etid ka ki fèt sou endistri enèji fosil ki pi ba a kòm egzanp responsabilite atravè mond lan.

KI KALITE SOLISYON KI KONFÒM AK LAJISTIS, KI SANTRE SOU MOUN ENDISTRI POLYÈ YO PRAN POU RESPONSAB DWE FINANSE?

Solisyon ki reyèl, solisyon ki konfòm ak lajistis yo dwe anvizaje pou yo kapab abòde kesyon chanjman klima a reyalizab, epi kominote chanjman klima a frape pi di yo vini ak solisyon sa yo depi plizyè dizèn ane. Genyen anpil nan solisyon sa yo ki konfòm ak lajistis epi ki santre sou moun yo prezante nan People’s Demands for Climate Justice (Demand Jistis Pou Klima Pèp) la,ki chita sou prèv ak esperyans, epi ki chita sou espètiz kominote toupatou nan mond lan.

Men kèk eganp sèlman sou kèk solisyon sa yo: Geyen yon tranzisyon ki konfòm ak lajistis epi ki san fòs kote ki pèmèt yo restore anviwòman an pou yo kapab repare flit gaz natirèl yo; ak yon kad teknoloji ki rekonèt enpòtans ni teknoloji ki pa lokal ni teknoloji ki lokal epi ki rekonèt nouvote nan abòde kesyon chanjman klima a.

Anplis, antrepriz ki reponsab yo kapab epi yo dwe finanse mezi kominote toupatou nan mond lan bezwen pran ann ijans pou yo kapab fè fas ni ak pèt ni ak dega yo sibi akoz abi antrepriz yo fè ak chanjman klima a. Se yon dèt yo dwe kominote sa yo deja, epi distribisyon l lan dwe fyab pou yo.

ALÒ SI ENDISTRI POLYÈ YO PEYE POU YO ABÒDE KESYON DEGA KLIMA A EPI YO FINANSE SOLISYON KI KONFÒM AK LAJISTIS, ÈSKE YO KAPAB KONTINYE ESPLWATE PWDUI KI DEGAJE ANPIL KAZ KABONIK NAN LÈ A, ÈSKE YO KA KONTINYE BOULE YO, EPI ÈSKE YO KA KONTINYE AP FÈ PWOMOSYON POU YO?

Non! Si yo fè Gwo Polyè yo peye pou mal yo fè yo pa dwe janm itilize sa a kòm yon lese-pase pou yo pèmèt yo kontinye ap polye mond lan epi pou yo kontinye ap lakoz genyen dega ki fèt. Fè yo peye vle di pou yo asire yo yo pran yo kòm responsab ni sou plan penal ni sou plan finansye, epi yo fè yon sispann aktivite ki lakoz genyen kriz sa a ak tout abi ki genyen rapò avèk yo anpremye. Apèl pou yo kapab pran endistri polyè yo kòm koupab la la pou li kore tout lòt demand ki konfòm ak lajistis, ki santre sou mounepi li la pou li ba yo jarèt.

KISA ENDISTRI ENÈJI FOSIL YO TE KONNEN SOU CHANJMAN KLIMA A, EPI DEPI KI LÈ YO KONN SA?

Yo jwenn bon jan prèv ki di depi nan ane 1960 yo, pi bon syantifik Exxon yo ak pi bon chèchè li yo ap bay dirijan konpayi an avètisman ki di boule enèji fosil kapab alimante yon katastwòf nan chanjman klima[8] [9] [10] [11]—byen lontan avan l te vin fè pati diskou popilè ki ap sikile pami responsab politik yo ak pami piblik la anjeneral. Epi se pa t  Exxon sèlman. Shell, pa egzanp, te okouran de konsekans devastatè rechofman klima a depi plis pase 25 lane.[12] [13]

EPI KISA ENDISTRI A TE FÈ AK ENFÒMASYON SA YO?

1. Yo kontinye fè biznis kòm dabitid. Li fè plizyè milyon dola benefis nan esplwate enèji fosil, nan vann yo, epi na fè pwomosyon pou moun itilize yo—epi gras ak bagay sa a, li reyalize pwòp prediksyon pa li konsènan ogmantasyon tanperati a.

2. Li fè tout sa li kapab tou pou li anpeche mond lan pran mezi ki chita sou etid ki fèt sou klima a li konnen ki vrè. Pandan plizyè dizèn ane depi lè yo te fè premye travay rechèch la, endistri enèji fosil la kontinye ap depanse plizyè santèn bilyon dola pou li kapab kreye dout konsènan koz chanjman klima a, li kontinye fè sa pou li kapab rann lasyans pa kredib, li kontinye fè sa pou li kapab achte enfliyans politik, epi li kontinye fè sa pou li kapab anpeche genyen yon politik ki fò ki devlope sou chanjman klima a, [14] [15] [16] sitou nan trete sou klima Nasyon Zini (U.N, United Nations) an, yo te konnen sou non Konvansyon Kad Nasyon Zini Sou Chanjman Klimatik (UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), ak ògàn ki asosye li yo oubyen ak menm ògàn yo.[17] [18]

ALÒ KONBYEN KÒB YON ENDISTRI ENÈJI FOSIL GENYEN?

An 2018 sèlman, Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron, BP, ak Total S.A.—ki depanse plis pase $1 bilyon dola ameriken nan fè piblisite ki gen rapò ak klima a pou yo kapab twonpe moun epi pou yo kapab fè presyon sou gouvènman an pandan twa (3) lane vin aprè Akò Pari a—genyen yon benefis $83.11 bilyon dola ameriken anviwon lè yo fin retire taks ladan l.

Konpare sa ak PIB (Pwodui Nasyonal Brit) 2018 senk (5) peyi ki sou wout devlopman yo met ansanm (Mozambique, Ethiopia, Philippines, Fiji, ak Bangladesh) chanjman klima a frape di yo: $743.871 milyon dola ameriken.[24]

KI MEZI YO AP PRAN POU YO KAPAB PRAN ENDISTRI ENÈJI FOSIL LA KÒM RESPONSAB JISKA PREZAN?

Lide pou yo pran endistri enèji fosil la pou responsab ap vale tèren toupatou an mond lan. Men kèk eganp:

• Paleman Inyon Ewopeyèn nan (UE, European Union) mennen ankèt sou tantativ antrepriz Exxon ap fè pou li ka twonpe piblik la.[25]

• Komisyon ki ap defann dwa moun ki nan Philippines nan konsidere endistri enèji fosil la kòm responsab pou vyolasyon dwa moun ki ap ogmante akoz chanjman klima a.[26]

• Gwoup ki nan Netherlands ap tradui Shell lajistis paske li pa respekte Akò Pari a.[27]

• Yo ap ese depoze plent nan nivo vil ak nan nivo eta nan Nò Amerik la pou yo kapab pran antrepriz enèji fosil yo pou responsab pou domaj moun ki rete nan zòn sa yo ap sibi akoz nivo lanmè a ki leve.[28]

• Peyi ensilè Vanuatu a ap anvizaje tradui antrepriz tranzisyon yo lajistis pou wòl yo jwe nan kreye malè ki egziste epi ki bandjye sou peyi ensilè ki plat yo.[29]

• An jiyè, majistra ki soti toupatou United States (Ozetazini) yo vote yon rezolisyon nan konferans Majistra U.S. la yon fason pou yo kapab apiye lide pou yo pran Gran polyè yo kòm responsab la. Yo vote lwa sa a malgre genyen gwoup endistri ki ap bay gwo presyon.[30]

• Genyen yon ankèt Inivèite Yale fè, nan nivo nasyonal, yo pibliye an jen ki montre genyen yon majorite moun U.S. ki apiye lide pou yo fè gran polyèyo peye a.[31]

[1] Heede, Richard, “Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010.” Climatic Change (2014) 122: 229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y

[2] Heede, Richard, “Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010.” Climatic Change (2014) 122: 229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y

[3] “Big Oil’s Real Agenda on Climate Change.” Influence Map. March 2019. Accessed June 05, 2019. https://influencemap.org/report/How-Big-Oil-Continues-to-Oppose-the-Paris-Agreement-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc.

[4] “Big Oil Kills Carbon Initiative in Washington State.” Rolling Stone, November 7, 2018. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/washington-state-carbon-initiative-vote-752961/

[5] “Big Oil is sloshing a crude tsunami across the country.” Bill McKibben, Washington Post, October 30, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/big-oil-is-sloshing-a-crude-tsunami-across-the-country/2018/10/30/f0830948-d895-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html

[6] “Yara: Poisoning our soils, burning our planet.” Corporate Europe Observatory, September 17, 2019. https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/09/yara-poisoning-our-soils-burning-our-planet

[7] “Polluting Paris: How Big Polluters Are Undermining Global Climate Policy.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/polluting-paris-big-polluters-undermining-global-climate-policy/.

[8] Banerjee, Neela, John H. Cushman, Jr., David Hasemyer, and Lisa Song. “CO2’s Role in Global Warming Has Been on the Oil Industry’s Radar Since the 1960s.” InsideClimate News. April 27, 2016. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13042016/climate-change-global-warming-oil-industry-radar-1960s-exxon-api-co2-fossil-fuels.

[9] Robinson, E., and R.C. Robbins. “Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants.” Smoke & Fumes. 1968. https://www.smokeandfumes.org/documents/document16.

[10] “The Smoke and Fumes Committee.” Smoke & Fumes. https://www.smokeandfumes.org/fumes/moments/2.

[11] Schwartz, John. “Pressure on Exxon Over Climate Change Intensifies With New Documents.” The New York Times. April 14, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/science/pressure-on-exxon-over-climate-change-intensifies-with-new-documents.html

[12] Carrington, Damian. “’Shell Knew’: Oil Giant’s 1991 Film Warned of Climate Change Danger.” The Guardian. February 28, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/shell-knew-oil-giants-1991-film-warned-climate-change-danger.

[13] Small, Mike, and Chloe Farand. “What 30 Years of Documents Show Shell Knew About Climate Science.” DeSmog UK. May 18, 2018. https://www.desmog.co.uk/2018/05/17/shell-knew-charting-thirty-years-corporate-climate-denialism.

[14] Lawrence-Samuel, Tamar, Rachel Rose Jackson, and Nathan Thanki. “13. The Pivot Point: Realizing Sustainable Development Goals by Ending Corporate Capture of Climate Policy.” Spotlight on Sustainable Development. https://www.2030spotlight.org/en/book/1165/chapter/13-pivot-point-realizing-sustainable-development-goals-ending-corporate-capture.

[15] “Big Oil’s Real Agenda on Climate Change.” InfluenceMap. March 2019. https://influencemap.org/report/How-Big-Oil-Continues-to-Oppose-the-Paris-Agreement-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc.

[16] “How Much Big Oil Spends on Obstructive Climate Lobbying.” InfluenceMap. April 2016. https://influencemap.org/site/data/000/173/Lobby_Spend_Report_March_2016.pdf

[17] “Polluting Paris: How Big Polluters Are Undermining Global Climate Policy.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/polluting-paris-big-polluters-undermining-global-climate-policy/.

[18] “Inside Job: Big Polluters’ Lobbyists on the inside at the UNFCCC.” Corporate Accountability. https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/inside-job-big-polluters-lobbyists-in-the-inside-at-the-unfccc/.

[19] “2018 Annual Report.” Chevron Global. 2018. https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/annual-report/2018/documents/2018-Annual-Report.pdf.

[20] 2018 Summary Annual Report. Exxon Mobil. 2018. https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/-/media/Global/Files/investor-relations/annual-meeting-materials/annual-report-summaries/2018-Summary-Annual-Report.pdf.

[21] BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2018. Report. 2018. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2018.pdf.

[22] Shell Annual Report 2018. https://reports.shell.com/annual-report/2018.

[23] Fourth Quarter and Full-year 2018 Results. Report. 2018. https://www.total.com/sites/default/files/atoms/files/4q18-results.pdf.

[24] “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects.” International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/index.aspx

[25] Neslen, Arthur. “ExxonMobil Faces EU Parliament Ban after No Show at Climate Hearing.” The Guardian. March 22, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/22/exxonmobil-faces-eu-parliaments-ban-after-climate-hearing-no-show.

[26] Wang, Ucilia. “Philippines Human Rights Commission Begins Climate Hearings vs. Oil Giants.” Climate Liability News. March 27, 2018. https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/03/27/philippines-human-rights-climate-change/.

[27] The Summons of the Climate Case against Shell. Report. 2019. https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/english-summary-of-legal-summons.pdf.

[28] Irfan, Umair. “Pay Attention to the Growing Wave of Climate Change Lawsuits.” Vox. April 10, 2019. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/2/22/17140166/climate-change-lawsuit-exxon-juliana-liability-kids.

[29] Cox, Lisa. “Vanuatu Says It May Sue Fossil Fuel Companies and Other Countries over Climate Change.” The Guardian. November 22, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/22/vanuatu-says-it-may-sue-fossil-fuel-companies-and-other-countries-over-climate-change.

[30] “U.S. Mayors Pressure Congress on Carbon Pricing, Climate Lawsuits and a Green New Deal.” Inside Climate News, July 2, 2019. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/mayors-vote-carbon-tax-green-new-deal-climate-change-fossil-fuel-lawsuits

[31] ”New Poll: Big Oil should pay the climate tab.” Grist, June 24, 2019. https://grist.org/beacon/new-poll-big-oil-should-pay-the-climate-tab/